Key to about 20 North American Stropharioid Mushrooms
1. | Fresh cap scarlet to orange. | 2 |
1. | Fresh cap otherwise colored (brown, tan, yellow, wine red, purplish, white, green, blue). | 3 |
2. | Found in woodchips, landscaping areas, waste places (and so on) in coastal California (perhaps elsewhere?); stem smooth to finely hairy. | |
2. | Found in woods across North America; stem shaggy. | |
3. | Cap with blue or green colors (if stem bruises blue, see Psilocybe). | 4 |
3. | Blue or green colors absent. | 6 |
4. | Gill edges colored like the faces during all stages of development; chryso-cheilocystidia abundant. | |
4. | Gill edges often whitish at maturity, contrasting with the faces; chryso-cheilocystidia absent or very rare. | 5 |
5. | Cap dark green to dark blue when young, often fading to yellowish; ring fairly well developed, at least when young. | |
5. | Cap bluish or greenish when young, but becoming whitish with faint bluish tints; ring poorly developed, even when young. | Stropharia pseudocyanea = S. albocyanea |
6. | Mature cap medium sized to large; regularly greater than 5 cm in diameter. | 7 |
6. | Mature cap small; rarely greater than 5 cm in diameter. | 13 |
7. | Cap without scales, typically wine red when young, becoming brownish--but occasionally brownish when young, or in one form white in all stages of development; ring prominent and well developed, with distinctive bent-back scales or "claws" on its underside; growing in woodchips, landscaping areas, mulch, and so on; spores 11-14 x 7-9 µ. | |
7. | Not completely as above. | 8 |
8. | Found in western North America (especially northern California and the Pacific Northwest); tall (mature stem 8-15 cm long); cap slimy and yellow, fringed with drooping white veil remnants on the margin. | |
8. | Not completely as above. | 9 |
9. | Stem conspicuously scaly, especially when young. | 10 |
9. | Stem smooth, fibrillose, or slightly shaggy when young, but lacking conspicuous scales. | 12 |
10. | Cap yellow and dry, innately scaly ("scales" not merely veil remnants; not easily rubbed off); spores not longer than 8 µ. | |
10. | Not completely as above. | 11 |
11. | Young cap purple brown to reddish brown; stem 1-2 cm thick; chrysocystidia present on gill faces. | |
11. | Young cap yellow to orangish brown; stem .5-1 cm thick; chrysocystidia absent. | Leratiomyces squamosus |
12. | Found in hardwood forests in eastern North America; cap dull brownish yellow; ring thin but persistent and membranous; spores 6-7 µ long. | |
12. | Found in western North America under aspens, cottonwoods, and alders (especially in riparian ecosystems); cap yellowish to whitish; ring fragile, soon disappearing or remaining only as a zone of fibrils; spores 13-16 µ long. | |
13. | Young cap wine red; reported from piles of hardwood debris in flooded lowlands in Illinois and Indiana. | |
13. | Cap otherwise colored; distribution and ecology various. | 14 |
14. | Stem shaggy-scaly; cap slimy, dull yellow to orangish; found in woods; spores 12-14 µ long; chrysocystidia absent. | Leratiomyces squamosus |
14. | Not completely as above. | 15 |
15. | Growing in grass, on dung, in woodchips, in gardens, and so on. | 18 |
16. | Found in western North America under aspens, cottonwoods, and alders (especially in riparian ecosystems); mature cap 3-5 cm across; spores 11-15 µ long; chrysocystidia apparently absent. | |
16. | Not completely as above. | 17 |
17. | Cap whitish (sometimes with a yellowish center); fresh stem dry; reported from Michigan and California. | Stropharia albonitens |
17. | Cap honey yellow; fresh stem with a slimy sheath; reported near Seattle "among leaves in woods" and from Oregon "on humus under spruce." | Stropharia semigloboides |
18. | Ring fairly persistent, usually remaining throughout development. | 19 |
18. | Ring ephemeral, usually disappearing with maturity or persisting merely as a zone of fibrils. | 21 |
19. | Fresh, young cap whitish; spores 10-13 µ long. | |
19. | Fresh, young cap yellow to yellowish; spores 7-11 µ long or 13-16 µ long. | 20 |
20. | Growing in grassy areas across North America; spores 7-11 x 4.5-5.5 µ. | |
20. | Growing in wood chips and in waste places on the West Coast; spores 13-16 x 7-9 µ. | |
21. | Fresh stem with a slimy sheath; cap convex to nearly round, but not bell-shaped; spores 15-19 µ long. | |
21. | Not completely as above. | 22 |
22. | Growing in wood chips in western North America; cap 3-5 cm across, yellow becoming whitish; spores 11-15 µ long. | |
22. | Not completely as above. | 23 |
23. | Cap 1-2.5 cm across, bell-shaped, yellowish brown with a darker center; spores 17-19 µ long. | Stropharia umbonatescens |
23. | Cap slightly larger than above, convex to planoconvex, paler than above; spores shorter. | 24 |
24. | Stem about 2 mm thick; widely distributed in North America. | Stropharia siccipes |
24. | Stem about 5-10 mm thick; apparently eastern in distribution. | |
References
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Kuo, M. (2018, November). Stropharioid mushrooms. Retrieved from the MushroomExpert.Com Web site: http://www.mushroomexpert.com/stropharioid.html
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