| Major Groups > Polypores |
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[ Basidiomycota . . . ] The Polypores by Michael Kuo, 2 October 2022 The polypores form a large group of diverse mushrooms. Most of these are wood decomposers whose spore-making machinery is set up within tubes whose ends make up a surface of many pores ("poly-pores")—rather like the tubes of the boletes, except that with some exceptions the tube layer of a polypore cannot be easily removed as a layer, the way it often can with a bolete. Also, the caps of polypores tend not to be round like bolete caps, polypores usually lack central stems, and the flesh of polypores is usually tougher (though there are exceptions for everything in the list). Polypores are saprobes that assist in the decomposition of deadwood—and, in some cases, they are pathogenic, acting as parasites and slowly killing their hosts. The mycelium of polypores consumes the wood differently, depending on the species; some consume lignin and create a white rot, while others consume cellulose, making them brown rot fungi. Taxonomically, the polypores are complicated, and still not completely understood. Seventy years ago, when L. O. Overholts' thorough study of polypores in North America (1953) was published, most of the species of polypores went under the genus name Polyporus. Today, Polyporus is a comparatively small genus, the polypores are distributed among many genera, and DNA studies shift the polypores around on what seems like a daily basis. Identification of polypores ranges from easy to very difficult. Careful analysis of the mushroom's macrofeatures is sometimes sufficient to reach a reasonably secure identification decision. The pore surface of a polypore is sometimes distinctive; for example, Daedaleopsis confragosa has a maze-like pore surface, easily distinguished from the pore surfaces of the many polypores with tiny, round pores. Be sure to pay careful attention to the "host" of your polypore, since identification can sometimes hinge on this information. When polypores grow on living trees, this is a matter of identifying the tree. But polypores are often found on deadwood—in which case one must try to figure out what kind of deadwood is involved. Notice, at the very least, whether your mushroom grows in conifer woods or among hardwoods. However, if your mushroom is on a very large stump in the midst of a forest full of small trees, it may take some research or guesswork to determine what kind of tree the stump may represent. Other features often important in the identification of polypores include the reaction of the flesh to KOH, and microscopic features . . . and here the ugly truth must be told. Microscope work with polypores is a pain in the ass. A bonafide shit show. Imagine unpleasant hours spent soaking and re-soaking mounts, cracking coverslips again and again, trying to slice paper-thin sections out of material with the consistency of a rock, yelling, bleeding, re-soaking again, cracking more coverslips, then going downstairs to have dinner with your family with eyes bulging and smoke pouring out of your ears. And after all of that, the odds are high that you will not have seen the spores, since these freaking mushrooms sit out in the woods for months emptying themselves. As for the hyphal system, which should be "monomitic," "dimitic," or "trimitic," you will ultimately wind up declaring it maybemitic, because what you have actually seen under the microscope is a dark brown mass of whatever-the-hell-that-is, with a few hyphal ends sticking out—ends which you can't focus on because the mount is too thick. Are there setae in the hymenium? Answering this question presupposes one's ability to find the hymenium (good luck), and to cut a section thin enough to isolate the setae from all the rest of the dark brown tissues in the dark brown mass. In short, maybe you should do your family a solid and leave polypore microscopy to the masochists who make careers out of it.
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Incomplete Key to North American Polypores 
I have not yet completed a key to North American polypores, but I have started the ball rolling with a key to the pale-fleshed, stemmed polypores, and keys to the genera Ganoderma and Laetiporus.
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